Used Tesla Model S: battery health, range and replacement cost

Battery wear, range, winter loss, replacement cost and warranty, with a source for every figure. Data checked 2026-10-18.

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Things to check

Some 75D cars have a larger 85 kWh pack with only 75 kWh unlocked by software. Check the car's battery and software set-up by VIN; do not assume every 75D has it. thedrive.com
some 75D versions of the Model S and Model X were shipping with an 85 kilowatt-hour battery, even though just 75 kWh of capacity had been unlocked for use.
The older US unlimited-mile battery warranty (cars sold before 2020) covers defects only, not normal loss of capacity: it has no minimum capacity promise. tesla.com
Loss of Battery energy or power over time or due to or resulting from Battery usage is NOT covered under this Battery and Drive Unit Limited Warranty
On 2021+ refreshed cars, look under the car for damage to the battery case. Tesla says a hole, crack or tear in it means the battery must be replaced. service.tesla.com
Tesla does not recommend driving the vehicle until the HV battery is replaced.

In the US

75D

Model years 2018–2019

Battery type: NCAestimateADAC car catalogue: Tesla Model S 75D (2016-2019) · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla Model S 75D, European market, production 06/2016-01/2019
Quote: Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminium
How we got this: ADAC's specification for the European Model S 75D (built June 2016 - January 2019) lists nickel-cobalt-aluminium (NCA) cells; US cars use the same Panasonic cells.
Usable battery: 72.6 kWhsourcedElectrek: Tesla battery capacities decoded · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla 75 and 75D packs, capacity read from Tesla's battery management software (2016)
Quote: 75/75D - 75 kWh total capacity, 72.6 kWh usable
Official range (EPA, new): 259 midata setEPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
EPA record 39838: 2018 Tesla Model S 75D; this 2018 rating is shown for 2018-2019, whose EPA ratings are within 2% (range) and 5% (efficiency) of it
Record: id=39838 range=259
Efficiency (EPA combined): 32.6 kWh per 100 milesdata setEPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
EPA record 39838: 2018 Tesla Model S 75D; this 2018 rating is shown for 2018-2019, whose EPA ratings are within 2% (range) and 5% (efficiency) of it
Record: id=39838 combE=32.6174
Battery wear: 1.6% a yearestimatemeasures range loss, not battery capacityRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our straight-line rate from Recurrent's Model S figure of 92% of original range after 5 years: (100 - 92) / 5 = 1.6% a year. Recurrent pools all Model S years and versions.
Expected range kept: 92% after 5 years, 84% after 10 yearsestimatestraight-line from the wear rate above; about 238 mi and 218 mi of EPA rangeRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our calculation: 100% minus 1.6% a year (the wear rate above), never below 50%.
Winter range loss: 19% lessestimate32°F (0°C) vs best (mild-weather) real-world range, US owner data, compared with the range at an ideal temperatureRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years)
Quote: Winter Range (32°F) 81%
How we got this: Recurrent's Model S winter range at 32°F is 81% of its best range, so about 19% less. Pooled across Model S years.
Battery replacement cost: $7,999sourcedquoted range; labour included: no; 2026 priceGreentec Auto: Tesla Model S batteries · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Independent shop's replacement 75 kWh pack for 2016-2021 Model S (not a new Tesla pack); price is for the battery, fitting is quoted separately
Quote: Battery 75 kWh ~200 miles $7,999
Battery warranty: 8 years or no mileage limitsourcedfrom new; covers defects; no capacity level stated; passes to the next ownerTesla North America Model S/X New Vehicle Limited Warranty · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla US Model S battery warranty for cars sold before the 2020 change: 8 years, no mileage limit, defects only (no capacity floor); transfers to later owners
Quote: Model S and Model X - 8 years (with the exception of the original 60 kWh battery manufactured before 2015 that is covered for a period of 8 years or 125,000 miles/200,000 km, whichever comes first).

100D

Model years 2018–2019

Battery type: NCAestimateADAC car catalogue: Tesla Model S 100D (2017-2019) · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla Model S 100D, European market, production 07/2017-03/2019
Quote: Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminium
How we got this: ADAC's specification for the European Model S 100D (built July 2017 - March 2019) lists nickel-cobalt-aluminium (NCA) cells; US cars use the same Panasonic cells.
Usable battery: 95 kWhdata setOpen EV Data @32d7dc59e7 (MIT, https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
Open EV Data entry: Tesla Model S 100D (2017); market not stated in the dataset
Record: id=318c1a44-9229-4959-a093-13575fc7f081 usable_battery_size=95
Official range (EPA, new): 335 midata setEPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
EPA record 39839: 2018 Tesla Model S 100D; this 2018 rating is shown for 2018-2019, whose EPA ratings are within 2% (range) and 5% (efficiency) of it
Record: id=39839 range=335
Efficiency (EPA combined): 33.2 kWh per 100 milesdata setEPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
EPA record 39839: 2018 Tesla Model S 100D; this 2018 rating is shown for 2018-2019, whose EPA ratings are within 2% (range) and 5% (efficiency) of it
Record: id=39839 combE=33.196
Battery wear: 1.6% a yearestimatemeasures range loss, not battery capacityRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our straight-line rate from Recurrent's Model S figure of 92% of original range after 5 years: (100 - 92) / 5 = 1.6% a year. Recurrent pools all Model S years and versions.
Expected range kept: 92% after 5 years, 84% after 10 yearsestimatestraight-line from the wear rate above; about 308 mi and 281 mi of EPA rangeRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our calculation: 100% minus 1.6% a year (the wear rate above), never below 50%.
Winter range loss: 19% lessestimate32°F (0°C) vs best (mild-weather) real-world range, US owner data, compared with the range at an ideal temperatureRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years)
Quote: Winter Range (32°F) 81%
How we got this: Recurrent's Model S winter range at 32°F is 81% of its best range, so about 19% less. Pooled across Model S years.
Battery replacement cost: $14,500sourcedquoted range; labour included: no; 2026 priceGreentec Auto: Tesla Model S batteries · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Independent shop's replacement 100 kWh pack for 2016-2021 Model S (not a new Tesla pack); price is for the battery, fitting is quoted separately
Quote: Battery 100 kWh ~290 miles $14,500
Battery warranty: 8 years or no mileage limitsourcedfrom new; covers defects; no capacity level stated; passes to the next ownerTesla North America Model S/X New Vehicle Limited Warranty · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla US Model S battery warranty for cars sold before the 2020 change: 8 years, no mileage limit, defects only (no capacity floor); transfers to later owners
Quote: Model S and Model X - 8 years (with the exception of the original 60 kWh battery manufactured before 2015 that is covered for a period of 8 years or 125,000 miles/200,000 km, whichever comes first).

Long Range / Dual Motor (2022+ refresh)

Model years 2022–2024

Battery type: NCAestimateEVSpecifications: 2022 Tesla Model S · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
2022 Tesla Model S (refresh), Panasonic cells
Quote: NCA (Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide)
How we got this: The page lists NCA (Panasonic) cells for the 2022 refreshed Model S; 2023-2024 cars use the same pack design.
Usable battery: 95 kWhdata setOpen EV Data @32d7dc59e7 (MIT, https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
Open EV Data entry: Tesla Model S Long Range (2022) (2022); market not stated in the dataset
Record: id=d17cebac-1281-dfdc-bd57-1dbb7ee71a8c usable_battery_size=95
Official range (EPA, new): 405 midata setEPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
EPA record 45014: 2022 Tesla Model S; this 2022 rating is shown for 2022-2024, whose EPA ratings are within 2% (range) and 5% (efficiency) of it
Record: id=45014 range=405
Efficiency (EPA combined): 28.2 kWh per 100 milesdata setEPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
EPA record 45014: 2022 Tesla Model S; this 2022 rating is shown for 2022-2024, whose EPA ratings are within 2% (range) and 5% (efficiency) of it
Record: id=45014 combE=28.1799
Battery wear: 1.6% a yearestimatemeasures range loss, not battery capacityRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our straight-line rate from Recurrent's Model S figure of 92% of original range after 5 years: (100 - 92) / 5 = 1.6% a year. Pooled across Model S years, not refresh cars only.
Expected range kept: 92% after 5 years, 84% after 10 yearsestimatestraight-line from the wear rate above; about 373 mi and 340 mi of EPA rangeRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our calculation: 100% minus 1.6% a year (the wear rate above), never below 50%.
Winter range loss: 19% lessestimate32°F (0°C) vs best (mild-weather) real-world range, US owner data, compared with the range at an ideal temperatureRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years)
Quote: Winter Range (32°F) 81%
How we got this: Recurrent's Model S winter range at 32°F is 81% of its best range, so about 19% less. Pooled across Model S years; refresh cars have a heat pump, which may help.
Battery replacement cost: No reliable figure yet
Battery warranty: 8 years or 150,000 milesestimatefrom new; covers capacity below 70%; passes to the next ownerTesla US New Vehicle Limited Warranty (PDF) · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla US battery warranty for Model S (current booklet; same terms since January 2020)
Quote: Model S and Model X - 8 years or 150,000 miles (240,000 km), whichever comes first, with minimum 70% retention of Battery capacity
How we got this: This is Tesla's current (2026) warranty booklet; Tesla says a car is covered by the booklet in force when it was bought. The same 8 years / 150,000 miles / 70% terms applied to Model S and Model X from 29 January 2020 (Tesla 2019 annual report), so they are assumed for 2022-2024 cars.

In the UK

Long Range (Raven)

Model years 2019–2020

Battery type: NCAsourcedEV Database UK: Tesla Model S Long Range (2019-2020) · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
UK Tesla Model S Long Range, 2019-2020
Quote: Cathode Material NCA
Usable battery: 95 kWhdata setOpen EV Data @32d7dc59e7 (MIT, https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data) · checked 2026-10-18
What the source covers
Open EV Data entry: Tesla Model S Long Range (Raven) (2019); market not stated in the dataset
Record: id=1e752c58-220d-4d3a-bc9f-264cf095138a usable_battery_size=95
Official range (WLTP, new): 388 misourcedEV Database UK: Tesla Model S Long Range (2019-2020) · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
UK Tesla Model S Long Range, 2019-2020, official WLTP rating as listed by EV Database
Quote: WLTP Ratings (TEL) Range 388 mi
Battery wear: 1.6% a yearestimatemeasures range loss, not battery capacityRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our straight-line rate from Recurrent's Model S figure of 92% of original range after 5 years: (100 - 92) / 5 = 1.6% a year. US data, pooled across Model S years.
Expected range kept: 92% after 5 years, 84% after 10 yearsestimatestraight-line from the wear rate above; about 357 mi and 326 mi of WLTP rangeRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years), range kept after 5 years
Quote: 92% of original
How we got this: Our calculation: 100% minus 1.6% a year (the wear rate above), never below 50%.
Winter range loss: 19% lessestimate32°F (0°C) vs best (mild-weather) real-world range, US owner data, compared with the range at an ideal temperatureRecurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Recurrent community data, Tesla Model S (all years)
Quote: Winter Range (32°F) 81%
How we got this: Recurrent's Model S winter range at 32°F is 81% of its best range, so about 19% less. US data, pooled across Model S years.
Battery replacement cost: No reliable figure yet
Battery warranty: 8 years or 150,000 milesestimatefrom new; covers defects; no capacity level stated; passes to the next ownerTesla US New Vehicle Limited Warranty (PDF) · checked 2026-10-17
What the source covers
Tesla battery warranty terms for Model S from 2020 (US document)
Quote: Model S and Model X - 8 years or 150,000 miles (240,000 km), whichever comes first, with minimum 70% retention of Battery capacity
How we got this: Tesla changed the Model S / Model X battery warranty on 29 January 2020: cars delivered before then have 8 years with no mileage limit and no capacity promise (defects only); later cars have 8 years / 150,000 miles / 70%. The cautious mix is shown: the 150,000-mile limit and no capacity promise.

All sources for this page

ADAC car catalogue: Tesla Model S 100D (2017-2019) · checked 2026-10-17
ADAC car catalogue: Tesla Model S 75D (2016-2019) · checked 2026-10-17
Electrek: Tesla battery capacities decoded · checked 2026-10-17
EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
EPA/DOE fueleconomy.gov vehicles.csv (retrieved 2026-10-17, sha256 b1ff0e3071c4) · checked 2026-10-18
EV Database UK: Tesla Model S Long Range (2019-2020) · checked 2026-10-17
EVSpecifications: 2022 Tesla Model S · checked 2026-10-17
Greentec Auto: Tesla Model S batteries · checked 2026-10-17
Open EV Data @32d7dc59e7 (MIT, https://github.com/KilowattApp/open-ev-data) · checked 2026-10-18
Recurrent: Tesla Model S battery and range guide · checked 2026-10-17
service.tesla.com · checked 2026-10-18
Tesla North America Model S/X New Vehicle Limited Warranty · checked 2026-10-17
Tesla US New Vehicle Limited Warranty (PDF) · checked 2026-10-17
tesla.com · checked 2026-10-18
thedrive.com · checked 2026-10-18

"Estimate" means we worked the figure out or borrowed it from a similar car; open "What the source covers" to see how. Expected health is a straight-line estimate from fleet data, not a test of any one car.